[169], The PAVN/VC effort to regain control of the countryside was somewhat more successful. Pendant ce temps, la demande de troupes fuit dans The New York Times le 10 mars. Ancien officier du renseignement, Weyand juge alarmantes les activités qui se déroulent dans son secteur et notifie ses préoccupations à Westmoreland le 10 janvier 1968. They also resisted the idea of negotiating with the allies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. L’offensive du Tet crée une crise au sein de l’administration, qui devient progressivement incapable de convaincre le public américain que les communistes ont subi une défaite majeure. According to one estimate by late 1968, of a total of 125,000 main force troops in the South, 85,000 were of North Vietnamese origin. "[178] However, this change had little effect on the overall result of the war, since in contrast to the VC, the PAVN had little difficulty making up the casualties inflicted by the offensive. Thieu vit l’occasion de consolider son pouvoir personnel et s’en saisit. Les chocs issus du front s'amplifient: Le 18 février le MACV affiche le plus grand nombre de pertes américaines hebdomadaire de toute la guerre - 543 tués, 2 547 blessés[99]. Offensive du Têt au Sud-Vietnam. [248] The new administration of President Richard M. Nixon would oversee the withdrawal of U.S. forces and the continuation of negotiations. P 33. 22–23) while William Duiker (p. 289) and Clark Clifford (p. 475) believed that it was so intended. "[74], From early to late 1967, the U.S. command in Saigon was perplexed by a series of actions initiated by the PAVN/VC in the border regions. Laurence, John (2002), The Cat from Hue: a Vietnam War Story, PublicAffairs Press. En cinq semaines de combat et la perte de 20 000 combattants, pas un seul objectif n’a été atteint pendant cette « phase finale et décisive ». [253], The fighting had no sooner died down around Saigon than U.S. forces in Quảng Tín Province suffered a defeat when the PAVN 2nd Division attacked Kham Duc, the last Special Forces border surveillance camp in I Corps. [246] On 31 March, President Johnson announced the unilateral (although still partial) bombing halt during his television address. More arrests followed in November and December. Nguyen, p. 20. [164][165] Their first and most ambitious goal, producing a general uprising, had ended in a dismal failure. I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing...We have reached an important point when the end begins to come into view. In line with the revamped strategy of Hanoi, on April 5, 1969, COSVN issued Directive 55 to all of its subordinate units: "Never again and under no circumstances are we going to risk our entire military force for just such an offensive. During all of these operations, the PAVN/VC followed a similar pattern: mortar or rocket attacks were closely followed by massed ground assaults conducted by battalion-strength elements of the VC, sometimes supported by PAVN regulars. Others: 4,124 killed19,295 wounded604 missingTotal casualties in Phase One:45,820 casualties (9,078 killed, 35,212 wounded, 1,530 missing)[7][8]123 aircraft destroyed, 214 heavily damaged and 215 medium damaged[9]. Le 4 mars Rusk réitère sa proposition, expliquant que durant la saison des pluies les bombardements sont moins efficaces et qu’en réalité il n’y avait aucun sacrifice militaire. [48] From October 1966 through April 1967, a very public debate over military strategy took place in print and via radio between Thanh and his rival for military power, Giáp. [162] Westmoreland himself claimed a smaller number of enemies disabled, estimating that during the same period 32,000 PAVN troops were killed and another 5,800 captured. A PAVN document allegedly captured by the ARVN stated that 1,042 troops had been killed in the city proper and that several times that number had been wounded. The Lê Duẩn faction, which favoured quick, decisive offensives meant to paralyse South Vietnam-United States responses, was replaced by Giáp and Trường Chinh, who favoured a strategy of more protracted, drawn-out conventional warfare. [222], On 27 February, Johnson and McNamara discussed the proposed troop increase. During most of February, the allies gradually fought their way towards the Citadel, which was taken only after twenty-five days of intense struggle. William, Thomas Allison. His "faction-bashing" tirade sparked a serious debate within the party leadership which lasted for four months. Le commandement est convaincu que l'ennemi cherche à prendre la base avant de s'emparer des provinces les plus au nord, au moyen d'un effort militaire considérable[34]. [209] As a result of the heavy fighting, 1968 went on to become the deadliest year of the war for the US forces with 16,592 soldiers killed. Westmoreland's fixation upon the base continued even as the battle raged around him in Saigon. Southeast Asia Report No. [129], During the first days of the North Vietnamese occupation, U.S. intelligence vastly underestimated the number of PAVN troops and little appreciated the effort that was going to be necessary to evict them. Contrairement à une croyance répandue, Giap n'est pas l'auteur du plan. On January 30, 1968, on the Vietnamese new year holiday of Tet, separate Viet Cong and NVA cells attacked twenty-seven different U.S. military installations throughout South Vietnam at the same time. Cependant ce changement eut peu d’effet sur la guerre, puisque le Nord Viêt Nam avait peu de difficulté à reconstituer les pertes infligées par l’offensive[81]. They seized the building, held it for six hours and, when running out of ammunition, the last eight attackers destroyed it and killed themselves using explosive charges, but they were unable to broadcast due to the cutting off of the audio lines from the main studio to the tower as soon as the station was seized. ", "The Importance of the Vietnam War's Tet Offensive", "Just How Big an Impact Do Pictures of War Have on Public Opinion? Their target was the ARVN 1st Division headquarters located in the Citadel,[122] a three-square mile complex of palaces, parks, and residences,[123] which were surrounded by a moat and a massive earth and masonry fortress. The violence and destruction witnessed during the offensive left a deep psychological scar on the South Vietnamese civilian population. Nguyen, p. 30. [33] A poll taken in November indicated that 55 percent wanted a tougher war policy, exemplified by the public belief that "it was an error for us to have gotten involved in Vietnam in the first place. [26], In May, MACV attempted to obtain a compromise from the CIA by maintaining that VC militias did not constitute a fighting force but were essentially low-level fifth columnists used for information collection. Routledge; 1 edition (September 7, 2016). Une attaque sur Khe Sanh au même moment éloignerait les forces militaires nord-vietnamiennes, mais Giap l'estime nécessaire pour assurer le ravitaillement et distraire l'attention des Américains[25]. Au total, approximativement 85 000-100 000 hommes du FNL et de l’APNV avaient participé à l’assaut initial et aux phases suivantes. The logistical build-up began in mid-year, and by January 1968, 81,000 tons of supplies and 200,000 troops, including seven complete infantry regiments and 20 independent battalions made the trip south on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. De lourdes pertes et la réplique des Sud-Vietnamiens et Américains provoquèrent encore davantage de pertes territoriales et d’hommes[79]. [155] By the end of 1967, MACV had moved nearly half of its manoeuvre battalions to I Corps in anticipation of just such a battle. Duiker, p. 288. The first maintained that the political consequences of the winter-spring offensive were an intended rather than an, Dougan and Weiss, p. 23. This redeployment may have been one of the most critical tactical decisions of the war. "We are on the offensive. From Saigon, pacification chief Robert Komer asserted that the CORDS pacification program in the countryside was succeeding, and that sixty-eight percent of the South Vietnamese population was under the control of Saigon while only seventeen percent was under the control of the VC. As the leader of the "main force war" and "quick victory" faction, Lê Duẩn also came under severe criticism. U.S. intelligence sources estimated between February and May the North Vietnamese dispatched 50,000 men down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to replace losses incurred during the earlier fighting. P 33, PAVN's Department of warfare, 124th/TGi, document 1.103 (11-2-1969), , « Tet: The 1968 General Offensive and General Uprising », Front national de libération du Sud Viêt Nam, Attaque de l'ambassade des États-Unis à Saïgon lors de l'offensive du Tết, Library of Congress Country Studies: Vietnam & The Tet Offensive, MILESTONES: 1961-1968, U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968, CIA: Intelligence Warning of the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam; An Interim Study, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam 1960-68, Part 2, How Great Nations Can Win Small Wars YAGIL HENKINA Azure spring 5766 / 2006, No. In what became known as the Battle of Dai Do, the PAVN clashed savagely with U.S. Marine, Army and ARVN forces before withdrawing. 25. Durant toutes ces opérations, les communistes suivent une même méthode : attaques au mortier ou roquettes suivies rapidement de massifs assauts terrestres conduits par des forces du FNL de l’ampleur d’un bataillon (parfois soutenu par l’armée nord-vietnamienne). On trouve à la tête de cette faction le théoricien Trường Chinh et le ministre de la Défense Võ Nguyên Giáp. Les principaux intéressés, cependant, n'en saisissent pas l'urgence : les ordres annulant les départs à l’occasion de la trêve arrivent trop tard ou sont ignorés. [188], The human and material cost to South Vietnam was staggering. According to James Meecham, an analyst at the Combined Intelligence Center who attended the party: "I had no conception Tet was coming, absolutely zero ... Of the 200-odd officers present, not one I talked to knew Tet was coming, without exception."[90]. Les généraux sont inquiets de l'impact qu'aurait la révélation de chiffres trop élevés, qui montreraient que le FNL et l'armée nord-vietnamienne pourraient poursuivre la guerre de position[8]. Although Giáp went to work "reluctantly, under duress", he may have found the task easier due to the fact that he was faced with a fait accompli. The fiercest fighting once again took … [232] On 4 March, Rusk reiterated the proposal, explaining that, during the rainy season in the North, bombing was less effective and that no military sacrifice would thus occur. For the moderates and centrists, it offered the prospect of negotiations and a possible end to the American bombing of the North. Cet accroissement allait amener les troupes du Sud Viêt Nam à plus de 900 000 hommes[90],[91]. [41] In official Vietnamese literature, the decision to launch the Tet Offensive was usually presented as the result of a perceived U.S. failure to win the war quickly, the failure of the American bombing campaign against North Vietnam, and the anti-war sentiment that pervaded the population of the U.S.[42] The decision to launch the general offensive, however, was much more complicated. By 28 March Clifford was working hard to convince him to tone down his hard-line speech, maintaining force levels at their present size, and instituting Rusk's bombing/negotiating proposal. Dans les jours précédant l'offensive, les alliés se relâchent. During the first half of 1969, more than 20,000 PAVN/VC troops rallied to allied forces, a threefold increase over the 1968 figure.[262]. If it failed, it would be a failure only for the Communist Party militants. [232] The President and his staff were refining a lesser version of the troop increase – a planned call-up of 62,000 reservists, 13,000 of whom would be sent to Vietnam. [105] Elsewhere in the city or its outskirts, ten VC Local Force Battalions attacked the central police station and the Artillery Command and the Armored Command headquarters (both at Gò Vấp). Les États-Unis et leurs autres alliés subissent 1 536 tués, 7 764 blessés, et 11 disparus[55]. Le gouvernement lance une campagne pour dissiper la croyance que le conflit est bloqué et pour convaincre le public du succès de sa politique. The defense of the Capital Military District was primarily a South Vietnamese responsibility and it was initially defended by eight ARVN infantry battalions and the local police force. L’article soutient que de nombreux officiels estiment que l’accroissement de troupes pourra être soutenu par les communistes et maintiendrait simplement le blocage à un plus haut niveau de violences. Son premier et plus ambitieux objectif, créer un soulèvement général, s'était soldé par un échec. If the general offensive failed to achieve these purposes, follow-up operations would be conducted to wear down the enemy and lead to a negotiated settlement; Phase II was scheduled to begin on 5 May and Phase III on 17 August.[67]. Weyand invited CBS News Correspondent John Laurence and Washington Post reporter Don Oberdorfer to his III Corps headquarters in the week before the Tet Offensive to alert them that a major enemy attack was coming "just before or just after Tet." Now that it's all over, you really knew it was coming didn't you? [25] In September, members of the MACV intelligence services and the CIA met to prepare a Special National Intelligence Estimate that would be used by the administration to gauge U.S. success in the conflict. De nombreux habitants des villes étaient indignés par le fait que le FNL ait lancé ses attaques pendant le Tet et beaucoup de personnes précédemment neutres se mirent à soutenir le gouvernement activement. Début février, au sommet de la première phase de l’offensive, 61 % se déclarent faucon, 23 % colombes et 16 % sans opinion. Disparurent également les discussions sur une victoire contre le Nord-Viêt Nam. The attack on Khe Sanh, which began on 21 January before the other offensives, probably served two purposes—as a real attempt to seize the position or as a diversion to draw American attention and forces away from the population centers in the lowlands, a deception that was "both plausible and easy to orchestrate. Du printemps à la fin de 1967, le commandement américain assiste perplexe à diverses actions nord-vietnamiennes et viet-cong sur les territoires frontaliers. 361–362. [62], The PAVN official history states that the objectives of the Tet Offensive were to: annihilate and cause the total disintegration of the bulk of the puppet army, overthrow the "puppet" (South Vietnamese) regime at all administrative levels, and place all government power in the hands of the people. Journalists, political figures, and religious leaders alike—even the militant Buddhists—professed confidence in the government's plans. [193][194] Military mobilization, anti-corruption campaigns, demonstrations of political unity, and administrative reforms were quickly carried out. [254][255], The PAVN/VC returned to Saigon on 25 May and launched a second wave of attacks on the city. On the contrary, we should endeavor to preserve our military potential for future campaigns. Thieu établit un comité pour superviser les distributions de nourriture, les réinstallations et la construction d’abris pour les nouveaux réfugiés. Le régime sud-vietnamien estime les forces communistes à 323 000, y compris 130 000 soldats réguliers et 160 000 guérilleros. [260], Saigon was struck again during this phase, but the attacks were less sustained and once again repulsed. Nguyen, p. 34. "[159], In the end, a major allied relief expedition (Operation Pegasus) launched by all three brigades of the 1st Cavalry Division reached Khe Sanh on 8 April, but PAVN forces were already withdrawing from the area. Les médias sont inondés de nouvelles optimistes. [112], On 1 February General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, chief of the National Police, publicly executed VC officer Nguyễn Văn Lém, captured in civilian clothing, in front of photographer Eddie Adams and a film cameraman. [205] This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. [97] PAVN/VC forces also mortared or rocketed every major allied airfield and attacked 64 district capitals and scores of smaller towns. [184] During this period, the PAVN would undergo a significant strategic re-structuring, being built into a combined-arms capable force while continually applying pressure on the U.S./ARVN with lighter infantry units. Nha Trang, un des quartiers généraux des forces américaines, est la première touchée, suivie peu après de Buôn Ma Thuột, Kontum, Hôi An, Tuy Hoa, Da Nang, Qui Nhon, et Pleiku. [100] In comparison with MACV's previous communications, which had been full of confidence, optimism, and resolve, Westmoreland's 12 February request for 10,500 troops was much more urgent: "which I desperately need ... time is of the essence". Ambassador, Ellsworth Bunker, to Washington, D.C., for what was billed as a "high-level policy review". The moderates believed that the economic viability of North Vietnam should come before support of a massive and conventional southern war and they generally followed the Soviet line of peaceful coexistence by reunifying Vietnam through political means. [127] Lasting 25 days,[128] the battle of Huế became one of the longest and bloodiest single battles of the Vietnam War. Événements historiques. In 1966, the leadership in South Vietnam, represented by the Head of State Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ were persuaded to commit to democratic reforms in an effort to stabilize the political situation at a conference in Honolulu. In August, Chinh's report on the situation was accepted in toto, published, and broadcast via Radio Hanoi. Selon Clark Clifford, au moment des attaques initiales, la réaction du commandement militaire américain tend vers la panique[47]. Tet Offensive: Appearances can be deceiving. It was not until after the conclusion of the first phase of the offensive that Hanoi realized that its sacrifices might not have been in vain. [215] Wheeler responded by challenging Westmoreland's assessment of the situation, pointing out dangers that his on-the-spot commander did not consider palpable, concluding: "In summary, if you need more troops, ask for them. [207][208], The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18 February 1968 MACV posted the highest U.S. casualty figures for a single week during the entire war: 543 killed and 2,547 wounded. In their memoirs, both Johnson and Westmoreland stated that they had predicted the offensive. During the fall of 1967, the question of whether the U.S. strategy of attrition was working in South Vietnam weighed heavily on the minds of the American public and the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. The President was to make a televised address to the nation on Vietnam policy on 31 March and was deliberating on both the troop request and his response to the military situation. Un pont aérien ravitaille les troupes. [54] This move cemented the position of the militants as Hanoi's strategy: the rejection of negotiations, the abandonment of protracted warfare, and the focus on the offensive in the towns and cities of South Vietnam. The Tet Offensive is widely viewed as a turning point in the war despite the high cost to the communists (approximately 32,000 killed and about 5,800 captured) for what appeared at the time to be small gains. Westmoreland, p. 328. La dernière attaque de l’opération initiale est lancée contre Bạc Liêu dans Corps IV le 10 février. Responding to the fighting, General William Westmoreland, commanding US and ARVN forces, directed reinforcements north as he was concerned the North … Les communistes ont prévu par exemple d’utiliser les chars et les pièces d’artillerie qui doivent se trouver dans certains quartiers généraux de l’armée, mais les chars ont été déplacés deux mois avant et les pièces d’artillerie sont hors d'usage[50]. Weyand said he had moved 30 U.S. and South Vietnamese battalions closer to Saigon to defend the city. À trois heures du matin le 31 janvier, les forces du FNL et de l’armée populaire du Vietnam assaillent Saïgon, Cholon, et Gia Định dans le district de la capitale militaire ; Quảng Tín (encore), Hue, Quang Tin, Tam Kỳ, et Quảng Ngãi ainsi que des bases U.S. à Phu Bai et Chu Lai dans Corps I ; Phan Thiết, Tuy Hoa, et des installations U.S. à Bong Son et An Khê dans Corps II ; et Cần Thơ et Vĩnh Long dans Corps IV. To further enhance their political posture at the Paris talks, which opened on 13 May, the North Vietnamese opened the second phase of the General Offensive in late April. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion [126] Both sides then rushed to reinforce and resupply their forces. It was this lack of communication that caused a rising disapproval rating for his conduct of the war. « L'Offensive du Têt serait plus tard utilisée dans un livre de. L’article du New York Times était paru à peine deux jours avant la primaire du New Hampshire pour la désignation du candidat démocrate, primaire dans laquelle le président subit un revers inattendu, finissant à peine devant le sénateur Eugene McCarthy. Tan Son Nhut Air Base, in the northwestern part of the city, was attacked by three battalions. Westmoreland was more concerned with the situation at Khe Sanh, where, on 21 January 1968, a force estimated at 20,000–40,000 PAVN troops had besieged the U.S. Marine garrison. [38] The American public, "more confused than convinced, more doubtful than despairing ... adopted a 'wait and see' attitude. "Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954-1975." Hoang, p. 10. On se demandait si l'incident du Golfe du Tonkin début août 1964 qui avait permis de justifier les bombardements n'était pas un coup monté par l'administration Johnson [114]. These offensives became known as ‘Mini Tet’. 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